Comparing Evidence of Both Norse and African Presence

In pre- Columbian America there is evidence to show that there were both Norse and African presence present before the arrival of Christopher Columbus’ maiden voyage in 1492. The presence of the Africans was first stated by Christopher Columbus himself in his voyage diaries, which he claimed was told to him by an Indian on his second voyage. This was later solidified by Portuguese seamen who also told of African navigation to Columbus. On the other hand the Nordic Movement into pre- Columbian America was stimulated by the adventurous and nomadic nature of the Norsemen.The men hailed from Northern Britain, Scandinavia, Northern Germany and the Netherlands. They were also known as Northman which was interchangeable with the term ‘Viking’. This essay will assess the botanical, archaeological and oceanography evidence along with the African and Egyptian Cultural history of the African presence along with the botanical, metallurgical, archaeological, cartographical, or al and written evidence of the Nordic presence in the pre- Columbian America.To prove that African presence existed in pre-Colombian America before Columbus’ arrival Professor Van Sertima presented archaeological evidence in many forms. The first piece of archaeological evidence was the Guanine. The Italian account Raccolta of the voyages reads â€Å"there were pieces of gua-nin as large as carvel’s poop. †1 This alloy existed predominantly with Africans who were outside of the Atlantic World. It was generally found on the tips of spears and other weapons making this an important component for the indigenous societies.The trading of this alloy was extensive between the Africans and the Indigenous people. â€Å"†¦ and he (Columbus) wanted to find out what the Indians of Hispaniola had told him, that there had come to it from the south and southwest Negro people, who brought those spear points made of a metal which they called guanine, of which he had sent t o the king and queen for assaying, and which was found to have thirty two arts, eighteen of gold, six of silver, and eight of copper. † – Raccolta, PARTE , VOL. This piece of archaeological evidence helps Van Sertima to show that before Columbus arrived there was interaction between the Africans and the people of the Atlantic World via the form of trade. â€Å"The Negroid element is well proven by the large Olmec stone monuments as well as the terracotta items and therefore cannot be excluded from the pre-Columbian history of the Americas. †- ALEXANDER VON WUTHENAU2. The most important of all the archaeological findings of African presence were that of the Negroid Olmec heads found in La Venta, Tres Zapotes and San Lorenzo, between the period of 1939-1940.This piece of evidence was the most concrete of all that Van Sertima collected to explain pre-Columbian African contact. These were large carved stone heads reaching six to nine feet high, weighing up to forty t ons each3 and were carved out of basalt stone. When they were unearthed in both central and south America it was declared by Van Sertima â€Å"There is no denying their negroness either, the features are not only nergo African in type but individual in their facial particulars cancelling out the possibility of ritual stereotypes of an unknown race produced by some quirk of the sculptor’s imagination. Not only did these heads have the facial features of that of an African but on one of the stone heads dug up was found to have Ethiopian braids These Olmec heads were the most convincing pieces of evidence of African presence in the pre-Columbian presence that Van Sertima presented in his theory.As much as archaeological evidence is important so is oral history and traditions, as quoted â€Å"We are vessels of speech, we are the repositories which harbour secrets many centuries old without us the names of kings would vanish from oblivion, we are the memory of mankind; by the sp oken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings of younger generations†4. There are oral records within African societies giving parallel accounts and evidence to substantiate the findings presented in Van Sertima’s theory. The story of king Abubakari of the ancient Mali kingdom was passed down orally from generation to generations.King Abubakari set sail in 1311 with a well equipped naval fleet to cross the Atlantic although he failed within the evidence that is presented now of his arrival around the time that links African presence in south America. It also highlights the fact that it was more than just a mere coincidence thus showing a direct link and connection between two civilizations. Professor Van Sertima also present evidence in oceanography to verify historical reports and accounts the journey from West Africa to the Americas was possible.Geographical research shows that there are three major current off the coast of Africa leading automatically to the Americas. Perhaps Heyerdahl’s greatest contribution has been shown by example that long voyages in â€Å"primitive† craft were not impossible. This may have been necessary for some Amercanists; it was not for those who knew the sea5. Thor Heyerdahl; a Norwegian writer and explorer made more than an academic study of these ships used. Heyerdahl put the ship building ideas and designs of the ancient Egyptians to a practical test to make it across the Atlantic to the Americas from Africa.Using the most primitive of the boats; built from the papyrus reed Heyerdahl conducted two experiments with the vessels Ra and Ra which visualized the Trans Atlantic Current. The Ra set out from Safi, on the Atlantic coast of North Africa, on May 25, 1969. It sailed to within a few days of the New World before it got into serious trouble. The Heyerdahl expedition had made one mistake†¦ A smaller model, Ra, built on the identical Egyptian pattern†¦ made it across the Atlanti c from Africa successfully6.This experiment proved to be successful crediting the theory that the Africans may have used the sea route to reach the Atlantic World. The adoption of a new plant is no simple matter. It requires the adoption of a whole complex of knowledge about the plant’s ecological requirements, and often also about the human usage of the plant. The presence of even one transferred plant means that a quite effective contact has been made between two people7. In traditional Africa their main form of currency was the use of shells and cocoa beans as currency rather than other symbolic items.This factor could be seen translated in the currency of the Mesoamericans as Botanical continuities was presented by the presence of African species found in the Americas for example the Jack bean is believed to be a crop of African origin that was brought to the Americans before Columbus’ arrival, West African yam has also been found in the America additionally other plants that became a major aspect of the Atlantic World such as banana and maize hints towards African cultural influences in the region. On the other hand now there is the theory that the Vikings were here before Columbus as well.The most prominent source of evidence of pre-Columbian Viking contact with the New World can be found in the Icelandic Annals (chronicles): Islending book, Flateyjar book and Landnama book. Evidently this area which is now the home of the copper Eskimo and other Eskimo, was occupied by the Eskimos in Viking times, for its Icelandic name of the map is Einjoetingidand (Land of the Einfoeting). The story of Einfoeting related in the Icelandic saga of Rarlsefni is declared by Godfrey to be â€Å"wholly impossible. †8 Initially these sagas were passed on orally until Adam of Brehemin also known as Adamus Brenamus of Cleric began transcribing these tories in 1070. These sagas made special reference to the New World described are generally termed ‘Vi nland’ but are found in sections of the Greenlanders saga and Erik â€Å"the Red†. The sagas documented the arrival to three territories: Helluland (flat), Markland (timber) and Vinland (grapes), which were taken to be now Baffin Island, Labrador and Newfoundland in Canada. Correspondence with Newfoundland officials, Lloyd’s explorations in 1873, and preliminary explorations for the author by Alf Budden of Sops Arm, Newfoundland, in 1940 indicated that the Sops Arm area was the site of the first Norse settlement in Vinland9.Most important of these places mentioned in the sagas seemed to have been Vinland as several expeditions were taken to that place. Some of the expeditions were taken by: Lief Erikson, Thorvald Erikson, Thorstein Erikson, Thorfin Karlefin, Freydis Erikson. It was wildly believed that is now present day L’Anse aux Meadows. Other than their sagas the Vikings had more concrete evidence in cartography and mapmaking. The interpretation of th e Viking charts by the author has been verified by the Hydrographic Office of the U. S. Navy10.A world map adated about 1440 was found in 1965, this map clearly showed locations of Vinland. It was found in a book called the Vinland map and â€Å"Tartar relation†. Irrefutable evidence of the Vikings’ discoveries in America is their navigation charts. These were marked in Old Icelandic the names they gave to the areas they discovered. Showing coasts and waterways of ancient America, they belong to a series of more than 35 maps of the ancient world which have been preserved for thousands of years in various parts of the Old World11.We can conclude from this that this piece of evidence supported the theory of Viking presence in pre-Columbian America. â€Å"Two iron shovels were found, one in an Enkieling furnace and one in a hearth-pit furnaces . A. M. Hall, metallurgist of the Battelle Memorial Institute, examined these shovels and reported that they had been made by cla dding two carburized iron sheets together†12. Evidence of Norse style smelting was uncovered at an excavation site in L’Anse aux Meadows. Iron manufacturing was an activity where bogore, which was a form of iron from which bogs was processed in order to make boat nails.This need for boats nails explains the introduction for iron smelting in the Americas. â€Å"Two Enkielings of the pit type, two of the above ground type, and ten hearth-pit furnaces were excavated in the Deer Creek Valley. There were three kinds of hearth-pit furnaces, all types that were used in the Old World before the fourteenth centurary†13. This piece of evidence solidifies the theory of the Vikings’ presence. During the excavation at the site in L’Anse aux Meadows, the Norwegian explorer; Helge Ingstads, found remnants of a Viking settlement in L’Anse aux Meadows in 1960.This was founded in the province of Newfoundland in Canada along with butternut; three to be exact, t hat were preserved. More importantly these bogs found contained tanic acid which can preserve both organic and inorganic materials for centuries. The presence of these butternuts suggests that they were transported to the area rather than grown there. This adds more value to the pre-Columbian Nordic presence theory. Also a burl which is a roundish, warty outgrowth from the trunk and roots of certain trees of butternut wood was also found in the bog.Thus it can be safely concluded that Vikings brought this wood with them. Similarly items made with Scott’s pine also known as pinus Sylvertris were found in the bog. Again this type of wood did not grow in that area and it was common for utensils to be made from it in the Old World. The most impressive evidence of Vikings in the New World comes from L’Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland. In 1960 most of the archaeological evidence was gathered there from excavation by Ingstad. The Ingstads found a Norse sit e one hundred metres from the ocean shore comprising of three complexes.All the buildings were located on a narrow beach terries surrounding a sedge peat bog and a wet sphagnum bog. These houses have usually been circular; if they were rectangular, their width was only slightly less than their length14. The early Scandinavians up to the 12th century lived in dwellings which were different from all other communal houses in the old World because they were long, narrow, one room, one story buildings with two passage ways and a long central hearth extending lengthwise through the building.The only lighting came from the fire on the hearth and through openings left in the roof to permit smoke to escape15. The buildings were made from a timber frame covered in sod and the roofs were steeply peaked. Some items found at this site that were preserved in the bog included wood shavings and chips from the carpentry shop, items of broken wood, tree nails which were used in their ship building, p lank patch for cracked boat stakes, a bow for an auger and pieces of rope made from spruce roots. Also a Viking coin was found at the Goddard site dating to A.D. 1070. The coin was the only Norse artefact found. I t was also determined to be in this place16 because of trade between the Vikings and Native Americans17. In conclusion it can be noted that from all the evidence put forward of both Norse and African presence in the pre-Columbian Americas some out weight the other in being concrete historical evidence. However it can be said that due to all this evidence it can be stated that there was interaction between both groups and the indigenous peoples before the arrival of the Europeans.Sources 1. Leo Wiener, African and the Discovery of America, Philadelphia, Innes and Sons, 1920-1922, Vol. 1. 2. Alexander Von Wuthenau, The Art of Terra-cotta Pottery in Pre-Columbian South and Central America 3. Michael Coe, Mexico, New York, Praeger Publishers, 1962 p. 88 4. The Words of the Mal i Griot Mamadou Kouyate, Quoted in D. T. Niane, Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali A. D. 1217- 1237 5. Clinton Edwards, Man Across the Sea 6. Thor Heyerdahl, â€Å"Isolationist or Diffusionist? † in Ashe, op. cit. . G. F. Carter, â€Å"Movement of People and Ideas,† In Plants and Migrations, edited by J. Barrau 8. Godfrey 1955: 36 9. Mallery 1951: 11 10. Walters 1956: 2-5 11. Walters 1956: 2 12. Mallery 1951:134a 13. Mallery 1951: 193, 193d, 194b, 196d 14. â€Å"Vikings in America : Theories and Evidence† (American Anthropologists 7:35-43) 15. Norlwnd 1924: 77ff; Roussell1934: 34ff; Dasent 1861:XCV 16. The Fact and Fiction of Vikings in America, Archaeology of Vikings in the U. S. , Kari L. Springer 17. William 1991:222

Human Resources: Global Mobility

Introduction, Background and Key Problems Identified In an increasingly international world, the need for the workforce to become more mobile, both physically and mentally, with the willingness to travel internationally as well as being prepared to converse and work in multinational environments has become paramount. The issue here is to consider the way in which the HR function can manage and have an impact on the need for global mobility within any organisation, but specifically in the case of VL as noted here. The main issue facing both this company and any other company looking to improve its international expansion and to ensure that those working within the company is that they are able to make the most of the opportunities presented. For example, in the case of VL, the number of employees has nearly doubled in the last five years, many of whom work internationally as a way of ensuring continued growth within the company, yet this level of expansion presents potential problems that need to be tackled by the HR team, if the expans ion is to be successful (Lawler, 2008). The issue of global mobility has already been noted by the management team as being important in VL, with the factors associated with training, including culture and the general ethos of the company. Importantly in VL, the central location of London and Europe remains the head office, with operations then happening globally and feeding into the European offices. The aim is to bring the other locations in line with the overall European ethos, rather than to have several distinct groups across the world (Gillis, 2012). The key issues which have been identified in this individual company include the need to recruit and retain the best staff in every location and to ensure that the training recognises the cultural differences, without allowing for divergent and distinct groups to emerge. This report will look at how the capabilities will be developed within the company and will consider the key strategic issues that need to be taken into account, before then going on to look, in more detail at the role which HR can play in improving the impact of global mobility. Recommendations for next steps for both the HR team and the overall management team will then be established to conclude the report. Developing Capabilities Within VL, it is identified that international activities will typically fall into two categories, namely the longer term 3 – 6 year projects and the shorter term 3 – 6 month projects that involve an individual travelling internationally to fulfil a short term agenda. The capabilities needed for these two different types of projects will be very different, and the capabilities needed by the individuals will also be different to meet with the company’s demands (Freedman 2009). Firstly, it is recognised here that certain personnel are simply more likely to be open minded to global mobility and are therefore more likely to benefit from the process. For example, there are going to be certain individuals within the group who would find international travel practically very difficult, including those with young children, but this should not necessarily remove them from the pool of possible people, but rather should identify the additional needs of these individuals. The first challenge is therefore to identify the technical skills that are needed to narrow down the pool of available people and then to be able to narrow it down from this pool, to identify the personnel who will be most open to the experience. By making the identification process as comprehensive as possible, it is much more likely that the project will be a success. Although there are multiple ways in which capabilities can be developed by the HR team, fundamentally, the individuals themselves n eed to be open to the process, if it is going to be as successful as possible (Friedman 2009). It is suggested here that the heart of the global mobility agenda is therefore the need to identify the most relevant group of people for the mobility programme, both from the point of view of technical expertise and the need to select those who are mentally and emotionally open to the notion of the global mobility and the desire to develop their own experiences. Clearly, there is a need to have processes followed, particularly where there is an organisation such as VL, operating across several different regions; however, it is contended here that the company will not be best advised to have a set of inflexible policies which may not always allow for the individual personalities to adapt to the changing situations. The development of the business capabilities is therefore to look at the people, process, technology and third parties involved and to ascertain the best way in which the HR services and resources available can be deployed for most effective use. Consider, for example, a demand for a specific type of technology; it then needs to be determined whether the infrastructure in the location chosen is able to facilitate the appropriate technology (Schwartz,2011). From this position, it is then necessary to consider if the skills of the chosen individuals can support this infrastructure and whether the processes allow for this type of deve lopment. All of these capabilities need to be developed as a network of ideas and not as one stand alone process that is clinical and inflexible (Becker et al 2009). Key Strategic Issues Some strategic issues have been identified by the HR team as relevant to the notion of becoming globally mobile, as is the case in VL. Firstly, the HR team, as with any other business strategy needs to look at how the HR agenda can align correctly with the overall business strategy. The role of HR is to ensure that the suitably trained individuals are available and willing in whatever location is necessary to deliver the underlying proposition of the company (Wickham & O’Donohue 2009). The key strategic issue with global mobility is therefore to ensure that there is improved value being offered by the company as a result of the global mobility. This actually starts with the management team, before getting close to identifying relevant individuals who will facilitate this process. The strategy needs to be driven from the top. Furthermore, there is a need to balance sensible and consistent processes, while also ensuring that there is sufficient flexibility to deal with local and national differences (Harttig, 2010). This requires the correct people to be present and to have the suitable decision making power at every level of the organisation. In the case of VL, for example, a more senior member of the team may be suitable for the new countries, or for the long term assignments. Crucially, these individuals will have greater experience and more confidence when it comes to making on the spot decisions that are in line with the underlying business strategy but which do not change the direction of the business, fundamentally (Barney, et al 2011). Shorter term assignments will be subject to much greater control, in any event, as the individuals involved in delivering this service will typically be sent with a short term and specific agenda, with little room for manoeuvre. In this case, therefore, a more junior member of staff, or a less adaptable individual who has the necessary technical expertise, but who may not be as adaptable to changing circumstances, may be more appropriate. The key strategic issues is therefore to determine the business level agenda and to then to ensure that the HR team works in such a way that facilitates and supports this agenda, rather than producing a set of processes that are unwavering, with little flexibility offered at a local level, to change processes, in order to take into account local needs. Role of HR When looking at the position within VL, it s clear to see that HR have several vitally important roles at every stage of the process. Therefore, in order to encourage suitable results alongside the business strategy from the outset and prior to any actual attempts to become globally mobile, a company such as VL will need to have a higher level management meeting, including the HR manager, to discuss what it is the company is hoping to achieve overall. This should not necessarily be looking at HR issues, but rather what it is the company is hoping to achieve as an end result. For example, it may be the case that the company is looking towards the international arena as a means of increasing market share; this may be more likely in an area where the product has reached saturation point in the home market. Once the overall agenda has been understood, it is then possible for the HR team to consider how they facilitate this. HR should be driven by the underlying aim of the company and not by the needs of the HR team itself. By identifying the skills needed, the role of HR is to identify the relevant individuals amongst the existing team and to engage in suitable training or potentially to recruit people into the team to fill in any gaps (Schuler and Tarique, 2007). Once the global mobility structure is underway, the HR team will have a continuous responsibility for the management of the team and for making sure that the actions of the staff who are in a foreign jurisdiction remain congruent with the overall business strategy This is critical as, by definition, when a global team is established, there is a lesser level of control being shown directly, with the individuals and the HR team needing to ensure that the support is in place for remote management which is flexible, yet strong enough to ensure that the overall business goal is not lost. The HR team will also have an important role at the practical end of global mobility strategy, particularly when it comes to short contracts where there are going to be issues of travel and accommodation which need to be managed. If this is done effectively, it can ensure that the staff members themselves are free to concentrate on the task at hand. The role of HR in this case is very much as a facilitator, both in practical and strategic terms and this should be maintained at all times (Lazarova & Caligiuri 2001). Suggestions and Next Steps Bearing this analysis sin mind and the current challenges facing VL, there are several next steps that the HR team need to take, in order to support and facilitate the business strategy aims of the company. Firstly, the HR team need to involve themselves with the management team, to understand what it is they are aiming to achieve by becoming global (Benson & Scroggins 2011). Once this is understood, the choice of personnel to undertake this global move can be made, both in terms of the senior strategic individuals such as regional managers, as well as the team members who will facilitate this process. Selecting the correct people is going to be the main and arguably the most important role for the HR team, as they will need to be able to achieve the business strategy, but will also need to be sufficiently personally engaged and want to be part of the global move. Once the individuals have been selected, the HR team then need to ensure that the practical issues such as infrastructure are put in place to enable these people to function effectively and to ensure that there is at least some consistency in processes across the company. When global mobility is focussed on processes, difficulties can arise; however, this is not to say that there is going to be no consistency. Ultimately, it is the role of the HR team to set the boundaries and to ensure sufficient consistency for efficiency, without undue constraints (Wright, & McMahan 2011). Going forward, therefore, the HR team need to ensure that they are fully engaged with the business strategy and then focussing their work on achieving this strategy, rather than being process driven, which is likely to place constraints that will not be beneficial to the company. An ongoing and adaptable process is needed, with the HR team being central to facilitating this move, both initially and on an ongoing basis. References Barney, J., Ketchen, D. J., & Wright, M. (2011). The future of resource-based theory: Revitalization or declineJournal of Management, 37(5), 1299-1315. Becker, B., Beatty, D., & Huselid, M. (2009). Differentiated Workforce: Transforming Talent into Strategic Impact: Harvard Business School Press Books. Benson, P. G., & Scroggins, W. A. (2011). The theoretical grounding of international human resource management: Advancing practice by advancing conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), 159-161. Freedman, E. (2009). Optimizing Workforce Planning Processes. People & Strategy, 32(3), 9-10. Friedman, B. A. (2009). Human resource management role: Implications for corporate reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 12(3), 229-244. Gerhart, B., & Fang, M. (2005). National culture and human resource management: Assumptions and evidence. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(6), 971-986. Gillis, J., Jr. (2012). Global leadership development: An analysis of talent management, company types and job functions, personality traits and competencies, and learning and development methods. 72, Harttig, M. A. M. A. (2010). Global Workforce Planning. Benefits & Compensation International, 40(1), 19. Iles, P., Chuai, X., & Preece, D. (2010). Talent Management and HRM in Multinational companies in Beijing: Definitions, Differences and drivers. Journal of World Business, 45(2), 179. Lawler, E. E., III. (2008). Talent: Making people your competitive advantage. San Francisco, CA US: Jossey-Bass. Lazarova, M., & Caligiuri, P. (2001). Retaining Repatriates: The Role of Organizational Support Practices. Journal of World Business, 36(4), 389. Schuler, R. S., & Tarique, I. (2007). International human resource management: a North American perspective, a thematic update and suggestions for future research. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(5), 717-744. Schwartz, A. (2011). Leadership development in a global environment: lessons learned from one of the world’s largest employers. Industrial & Commercial Training, 43(1), 13-16 Wickham, M., & O’Donohue, W. (2009). Developing employer of choice status: Exploring an employment marketing mix. Organization Development Journal, 27(3), 77-95. Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (2011). Exploring human capital: putting ‘human’ back into strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(2), 93-104.

Analysis of Linear DNA Genomes Separation in Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis has been widely used as a form of separating DNA genomes in varying sizes from 100 kp upto 25 kb. Isolation of Agarose gel is obtained from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria.in the gelato process, the polymers of agarose often form an association of none covalent which form networks of pore sizes which determine the molecular ability of sieving properties. Use of gel electrophoresis is beneficial in separation of DNA genomes. Electrophoresis process is key in separating the different nucleic acids using various sizes and charges depending on the contents of the solution. In this experiment, lab analysis of gel was used to put gel solutions in charged nucleic acids for separation purposes. At this point the larger DNA and RNA have a hard time in separating thus allowing time for separation of the genomes based on the sizes. The rate of separation of the DNA molecule in the experiment was determined by the rate at which the sizes of the DNA, the concentration of the gel, DNA Conformation present, voltage degree applied, ehidium bromide solution introduced, type of agarose and the buffer being utilized in electrophoresis. After the process of separation, DNA molecules will be able to be visualized in the UV light using staining process to identify the different genomes. Thus in essence DAN electrophoresis defines the process by which the DNA migrates in the supporting medium. Most of electrophoresis is carried in agarose gels in narrow polymers of gels using pores of different sizes, this sieving provides a means by which the pores gives an opportunity for the DNA molecules to go through the pores at different sizes thus being separated using molecular weights. Thus this laboratory report uses agarose Gels while staining with ethidium bromide   to assess the separation process of the different DNA genomes. Thus it seeks to investigate the DNA genome separation to assess the different nucleic acids by their respective sizes. Refer to the Lab Manual 5 for in-depth methodology and procedure. Diagrammatic presentation of gel DNA Table 1; Showing gel electrophoresis picture Table 2; Showing curve presentation of the base pairs against distance travelled Table 3; Showing table figure for the curve Table 4; Showing how to calculate base pairs Example suppose we have a base pair having travelled 0.3 cm, then draw a line as illustrated above and take the readings on the corresponding logbp and take the anti log, which you get the base pair size. Table 5; Showing the sizes of pUC19 and their insert sizes Agarose gel electrophoresis has been utilised as a common method for separation of proteins, (Kryndushkin et al., 2003). The basic forms of nucleic acids can be separated through the aid of electrification process whereby charged molecules move to the anode side. This migration as depicted in the experiment ensures that molecules which have lower molecular weight are able to move faster, (Sambrook & Russel 2001). The process of electrophoresis is a crucial step in ensuring purification process of the desired DNA bands. In this experiment the usage of ethidium bromide is essential in visualizing the staining of the transcend DNA molecules. In this task, the Agarose gel electrophoresis plays a key role in ensuring the characteristics of DNA are obtained without any alterations. This experiment has yielded results which have enabled determination of DNA fragments sizes through digestion by restriction enzymes. The visualization has been effected with the use of ethidium bromide which is a common agent in nucleic acid purification process. The Agarose gel concentration on this task entailed the separation of the gel using agarose gel concentration of 0.2%w/v having bands from 0.1-1 kb. The distance travelled by DNA molecules in electrophoresis is directly proportional to the size of the DNA itself. The agarose gel is beneficial in ensuring that there are movements based on their sizes. With the various differences between the various rates of the DNA molecules in the gel solution, they are separated based on the size of the bases. The relationship built between the varied sizes of the DNA genome. The sieving of DNA is done through the size which it bears, (Southern, 1975). The length of DNA strands often vary from 50 base pairs to upto million s base pairs which agarose gel electrophoresis can be effective in separating them , the migration and distance travelled is linked on the concentration of the agarose used to prepare the gel. Concentrations having lower concentration are able to travel faster in the distance travelled and vice versa. In this study agarose gel of 2% has been used which was effective in separating the DNA at range of 0.1-1 kb, the low percentile gels often signify gels which are weak. Double stranded DNA moves faster as the molecules travels; its speed is inversely proportional to the logarithm of base pairs. This linked and established relationships depends on the strength of the of gel composition. The distance travelled by the digested genome signifies that there is action of restriction enzymes which shows that there restrictions which have taken place, thus distinguishing the variability linked to genetics and enzyme cost. The digested fragments were this separated using the agarose gel electrophoresis which showed continuous smear on the gel surface with the distribution of the difference fragment sizes being established. Digested pUC19 is a plasmid and able to transform itself on the transformation process where it can be able to multiply itself and express. Undigested pUC19 originate from E coli and contain high number of base pairs. The transformation efficiently portrayed shows that smaller pUC19 plasmid sin E choli can be manipulated and be transformed from the ampicilin forms. This shows that the DNA is in contact form with plasmid DNA being intact and with presence of viral chromosomes which can be transformed into high efficiencies. This transformation is through the resulting effect of digestion of peri plasmids. The undigested Puc19 shows presence base pairs which have the ability to perform recombination and be incorporated into cells, (Goto, Kenta & Yukio, 2013). The lanes which have recombination factor is able to facilitate the cloning of DNA in host cells.   This signifies recombination of various fragments of gel solution. The lanes that have been generated originated from digestion of particular DNA, which gives it equimolar amounts. Based on the lanes, there is variation on the number of non molar amounts, thus signifying that there is difference in band lengths. Others have shown to represent circular forms of the plasmids which is dependent on the age and quality of the plasmids. The existence of three forms of DNA formation which exists include linear formation, open circular formation and supercoiled forms. Plasmid DNA have been prevalently been studied in laboratory studies. After its preparation they exists in the three forms above. With good plasmid preparation, DNA often form plasmid which exist in any one strands of the DNA, this break causes the release of the phosphordiester backbones of the DNA to be released out. The visualising process of the agarose gel using the standard control tool is key to assess whether the bands have created a generation or not. Closer bands are well compressed than far away bands as indicated in the gel view. The standard marker used in this experiment was essential in ensuring that the standards sizes are generated using base pairs. This result signifies that electrophoresis is an effective way of separating nucleic acids. High gel agarose gives room for handling of low percentage gel separation. Due to the size of the base pair present in this experiment, has utilised field gel electrophoresis. This is   comparable to studies done (Lee et al, 2012), which have shown that sizes of DNA can be separated effectively through plotting on the log of molecular weight and different bands of DNA against the distance moved, this portray how different forms of gel can be able to move at different speeds. Super coiled plasmid DNA have sown to move faster, while those in linear formation travel averagely while open circular travel slowly. Goto, K., & Nagano, Y. (2013). Ultra-low background DNA cloning system. PloS one, 8(2), e56530. Kryndushkin DS, Alexandrov IM, Ter-Avanesyan MD & Kushnirov VV (2003). Yeast [PSI+]   prion aggregates are formed by small Sup35 polymers fragmented by Hsp10. Journal of Biological Chemistry.278 (49): 49636. Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. Y., & Kim, Y. H. (2012). Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE, (62). Sambrook J&Russel DW(2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 3rd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Southern, E. M. (1975). Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J mol biol, 98(3), 503-517.

Memorandum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Memorandum - Essay Example I understand that our company is working out to reduce some of the expenses through the provision of the benefits to the workers. I am compelled to express concern that I am against several sensitive issues that you wish me in my position to enforce in reference to your memo. It will be deplorable to inform you that I am not going to implement your proposals. The basis as to why I am against the endorsement of your suggestions in my position as Wal-Mart Benefits Manager, South Florida is because of the action of this company will be considered as Altruism towards the workers. According to my profession, in this position I may look as being unethical. Despite my colleagues take to your memo, my decision of the firm. Ethical concept involves relating moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these. I would like to cite some of the universal moral concepts that should be always considered and should never be breached. There is Absolutism, Cognitive dissonance and Reciprocity among others. Absolutist systems do not offer any omission to particular ethical principles. The philosopher Emmanuel Kant affirmed that the moral act was one that the doer was willing to have an opinion on a standard policy. One rule of absolutism shows that human beings cannot be harmed for any objective, regardless of how otherwise worthwhile. Absolutism has the benefit of making rigid ethical calls appear easy and the disadvantage of making the debate impossible. One looks like the absolutism reflecting today in the controversies over war, torture, abortion, cloning, and capital punishment (Hardin, 1976). Cognitive dissonance is an ethical concept that should be put into consideration. It take place when there is a difference between what an individual believes, knows and values, and convincing information that calls these into question. The discrepancy may lead to psychological discomfort, as well as mind to adjust to reduce the disparity. In ethics, cognitive

Alcan Operates Based on the Case Facts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alcan Operates Based on the Case Facts - Essay Example It is one of the world famous cutting-edge enterprises having a remarkable combination of skilled and talented workforce with advanced technology, innovative products, as well as a decidedly focused customer-culture. The enterprise has operating facilities across 61 countries with a work force of about 68,000 employees. The organization takes the leading position in production of raw materials, fabricated products and primary metals. Its four principal business groups include Bauxite and Alumina, Primary Metal, packaging and the engineered products. The four business groups are the main revenue contributors for the organization (Binet, GUALARD, and JACLOT, 2000). The associated products of the business groups include Aluminum sheets for beverage cans, automotive systems, mass transportation markets, personal care industries and the pharmaceutical products. The enterprise is involved in creating and selling of a variety of products, which include bauxite, automobile iron, sheet ingot, aluminium recycling services, forging stock. It is extremely vertically integrated having eight mines and deposits, a transport network with ports and facilities, seven alumina plants, 26 aluminium smelters, 17 laminated products plants, 12 electric power plants, seven alumina refineries, 180 packaging materials plants and 49 engineered products plants. Organizational Structure. ... His services are shared at the bottom of the ladder. The senior management in Alcan Company is made up of a CIO and four associates. These associates include: Strategic IT-Program director, Chief information-security- officer director, performance-management director, and the Enterprise Architectural director. At the bottom of the ladder, two services that are shared exist. One service is for the application, and the next is for infrastructure. All these are directed towards the senior management. In the centre of the ladder, there are different business groups of IT Directors. In this organization, the policy of decentralization ensures that each group is headed by an IT director normally referred to as VP. This director is concerned with the management of the IT in his specific group. He is also accountable for the top management of his group (Dube, Bernier, & Roy, 2009). Normally, the four IT VPs reports 75% of their group to the top management. They also report a 25% of their gro up to the CIO. These directors, therefore, are responsible in attaining the global objectives of the company. On the other hand, the shared services act as the business group internal consultants. Challenges Faced by Alcan Organization. Alcan organization like any other large organization is faced with various environmental, economical, social as well as technological challenges. Environmental challenges. The greatest environmental challenges affecting Alcan Organization are sustainable raw material development, industrial waste, air emissions, and water. These challenges have affected this company since laws requested organizations to change procedures and equipments so as to meet standards imposed to them. This change was to cause any company a substantial amount of money. The

Analyze marketing strategy on article Research Paper

Analyze marketing strategy on article - Research Paper Example In this essay, attention will be focused upon the marketing strategy that apple has used in order for it to be a successful business venture (Smith, Pulford & Berry, 2006). Looking at the marketing strategy, it is clear to anyone that the success of apple is because of the marketing strategy that they use. The product line and the design standards of their products is far too appealing and very user friendly. Using the marketing strategy, they have been able to hold on to their customers and are still attracting more customers with their products. This marketing strategy was used by apple because they want to have an appealing effect and affect on the consumer. Their product lines and designs are unique, and it is because of CEO’s philosophy that they have managed to come this far. The philosophy, which states â€Å"The user doesn’t always know what they want†, has enabled the company to be successful. The marketing strategy that the company uses is user friendly , economical, unique in its own sense and offers a variety of choices for consumers. The marketing strategy in question offers the best service and products availability, quantity and quality and enables the company to deliver to its numerous consumers and users (Schneiders, 2011).   2. The marketing strategy on this article is perfect. ... First of all, they ignored their critics. Critics are those who do not favor the success of the company and do not see the business succeeding (Viardot, 2004). Through the company’s marketing strategies, critics saw their views fail as the company has become successful more than it was before. Ignoring the critics was one way through which success came to find its way in the company. Apple is a company that mainly deals with the appearance of their products. From the iPads, iPhones and iPods, apple has managed to attract customers because they have put attention on the detail of their products (Schneiders, 2011). Their products are ordinary, but through their marketing strategy, they have managed to turn these ordinary products into something worth praise. The details of their products are more than standard. They have pioneered their products into something worth note and have reinvented their products into something more credible. Products like the iMac, Macbook Air and the iPhone 4 are some of the products that are worth noting. These products have been created with the intention of pleasing customers and users (Viardot, 2004).   Another aspect that was taken into consideration by the company is their pricing. The pricing of a product is very important when it comes to ensuring that the company’s products acquire market. Strategic pricing of a product makes a difference between a company’s success and failure. Pricing of a commodity is significant since it offers a foundation for the products of a company to be available in the market. It is through the pricing of products that consumers and user are retained while still managing to attract more

EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS FOR HISPANIC STUDENTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS FOR HISPANIC STUDENTS - Essay Example Ð s bilinguÐ °l students first intense encounter with the English lÐ °nguÐ °ge Ð °nd with Ð mericÐ °n culture Ð °nd society, schools must overcome sociÐ °l Ð °ttitudes opposed to the sociÐ °l Ð °nd Ð °cÐ °demic development of bilinguÐ °l leÐ °rners. Successful schools creÐ °te Ð ° productive Ð °cÐ °demic environment Ð °nd Ð °n Ð °ccepting community. Ð lthough schools cÐ °nnot chÐ °nge the sociÐ °l reÐ °lity, they cÐ °n creÐ °te Ð ° different society within their wÐ °lls. Getting to know the students Ð °nd their fÐ °milies Ð °s well Ð °s welcoming their lÐ °nguÐ °ges Ð °nd cultures cÐ °n build Ð ° coherent community where the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m becomes Ð °n integrÐ °l pÐ °rt of the school. Improvement of bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °ms necessitÐ °tes fundÐ °mentÐ °l chÐ °nges within the whole school becÐ °use the overÐ °ll quÐ °lity of the school will Ð °ffect the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m. For the most pÐ °rt, good bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °ms exist within good schools. To creÐ °te Ð ° sound context for bilinguÐ °l leÐ °rners schools should set cleÐ °r goÐ °ls, creÐ °te Ð ° bilinguÐ °l biculturÐ °l society, integrÐ °te the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m into the school community, know the bilinguÐ °l students, provide leÐ °dership Ð °nd support for the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m, set high expectÐ °tions for bilinguÐ °l students, hire quÐ °lity personnel willing Ð °nd prepÐ °red to work with bilinguÐ °l students, estÐ °blish productive pÐ °rtnerships with pÐ °rents Ð °nd communities of the bilinguÐ °l students. Commitment of principÐ °ls Ð °nd mÐ °instreÐ °m stÐ °ff to the progrÐ °m Ð °nd the students mÐ °kes it possible for bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °ms to be integrÐ °ted into the whole school. Ð ll stÐ °ff Ð °nd not only the bilinguÐ °l stÐ °ff should be responsible for the bilinguÐ °l students educÐ °tion. In turn, the bilinguÐ °l stÐ °ff should pÐ °rticipÐ °te in generÐ °l school Ð °ctivities Ð °nd decision mÐ °king. When curriculum improvement or speciÐ °l progrÐ °ms Ð °re introduced, the bilinguÐ °l progrÐ °m should Ð °lso be included. RegÐ °rdless of

647 W6D Project metrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

647 W6D Project metrics - Essay Example The two most effect project metrics are retrospective metrics and diagnostics metrics. 1. Diagnostic Metrics: These are drawn from the existing information to analyse the current situation of the project. Using this metric, project managers may detect anomalies or forecast risks that might surface in the future (Kendrick, 2003). Diagnostic and retrospective metrics are used when the project is running and can be used to solve issues there and then. Diagnostic metrics alert the project managers regarding risks that are emerging during the course of the project. Retrospective metrics provide conclusions to the project reports and tell the managers if there are any risks expected in the future. Both types of metrics make the processes more efficient and risk free. Scarlat. E. et. al, n.d, ‘Indicators And Metrics Used In The Enterprise Risk Management (ERM),’ Department of Informatics and Economic Cybernetics, Acessed online, < http://www.ecocyb.ase.ro/20124pdf/Emil%20Scarlat%20%28T%29.pdf

ARTICLE REVIEW Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REVIEW - Article Example The article was effective and can assist many people in the manner through which they go about their day to day activities. The reason for this is the manner through which the article defines the two types of people. One group is stated as being motivationally focused while the other is promotion focused. This assists the reader in understanding which type of person they are. With this perception they can develop personally and in their respective professional fields. One limitation of this section of the article is the fact that the writer has not given a specific outline on how a person can identify their powers and deficiencies with regard to the two groups in which they have been placed. It is however important to take a self assessment after reading the basic points on the groups and understanding the way forward where an individual can get to analyze their particular traits (Stevens, 2008). Creating motivational fix is another topic greatly discussed in the paper. In the contemporary reading society, very few people read entire articles and many of these people get bored when they find that they cannot relate to the various topics given. The article however ensures that the reader has a general understanding of the topic where even before going through a topic critically, the reader has the ability to understand whether they can relate evenly. This is done by the author stating the importance of the particular topic. The article discusses motivational fix and states that it is vital because it assists in keeping the goals that an individual has set, in focus. With this motivational fix, the reader gets to understand the key ingredients to success acknowledging the fact that if they do not have this, they may fail in life (Higgins & Halvorson, 2009). The expose is also significant in that it helps the reader understand the various steps that they ought to take after getting the motivational fix. The article

Scheduling Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scheduling Operations Management - Essay Example Equipment, labor, and space must also be the resources scheduled for a university. A university must make sure it has enough instructors to teach all of the classes that have been scheduled, enough regular staff members to address the needs of the students who will be attending, and enough space to house the administration portion of the university as well as to hold all of the scheduled classes (even those with disabled students who need special accommodations). Typically, universities have two main networks of equipment that will need to be properly maintained by an in-house staff: administrative and classroom. Students will need computers, desks, or other workstations. Staff will need enough of the proper equipment to teach their courses effectively, including computers, projectors, smart boards, and the like. The types of resources that need to be scheduled for movie making include equipment, labor, and space. The equipment for movie making is various and ranges from cameras all the way to the equipment associated with temporary living accommodations on the filming scene. The labor includes directors, actors, extras, and regular staff members.

Assess the view that factors and processes within the school Essay Example for Free

Assess the view that factors and processes within the school Essay Many sociologists argue that â€Å"factors and processes within school are the main cause of difference† These factors include gender, class and ethnicity. All of these things can lead to certain stereotypes and labels being forced upon pupils. The idea that Teachers have certain expectations of different social and ethnic groups means that self-fulfilling prophecy can lead to pupils living out positive and negative labels. The role of gender in educational achievement is that in past times it has been that boys have achieved less than girls in school, this could be that boys have a history of ‘laddish’ behaviour and have had a negative attitude to learning. This had also led to teachers expectations of ‘lads’ to be low which has caused negative stereotypes and labels. All of these things have in turn caused many anti-school subcultures. Jackson did a study about how this ‘laddish’ behaviour is now being seen in some girls which could in fact mean that it is not only boys that have these negative labels but also girls. Another factor that may influence the achievement of girls is that girls now have a lot of higher role models and more opportunities in the future; this can lead to them working harder because they can see themselves being successful in the future. Another In-school factor would be ethnicity, different ethnic groups achieve better than others in education, for example the highest achieving ethnic group is British Chinese and the lowest would be black African Caribbean boys. The reasons for these differences in achievement could be linked to family morals and attitudes to school. Teachers also have expectations of different ethnic groups which again, like gender can lead to positive and negative labels and stereotypes. The curriculum in schools could also lead to this due to it being ethnocentric. Differences in class an play a crucial role in the achievement between different classes, for example working class children do not have as much cultural capital as middle class children and this can play a vital part in how they achieve at school, due to teachers expectations of how they behave and achieve. The idea of the hidden curriculum means that schools are preparing students for middle class jobs with middle class ideas. Also the idea that middle class teachers get on better with idle class students also reinforces the idea of teacher’s expectations which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy and students either over or under achieving. One more in-school factor would be pupil subcultures and how streaming and setting can lead to both anti and pro school subcultures, This again links to the idea of self-fulfilling prophecy and that students may either reject their labels or follow them. The organisation of the school can also be closely linked to class and how students may be put into lower streams or sets due to their social background and how teachers perceive them. Home backgrounds of students also contribute to a large part of their achievement. The differences in class can lead to many home disadvantages such as material deprivation which means that students do not have enough money for resources such as private tutors, laptops, trips or uniforms; this will give them a disadvantage compared to middle class students. Working class students may also have other responsibilities to attend to such as looking after siblings or even disabled parents; this means that they do not have as much time to spend on studying. Parent’s attitudes towards school and education can also prove to be an impact, if a parent has a negative attitude to school and learning then the child will not have as much pressure or ambition to do as well. This idea of parent expectations links closely with ethnicity and how different ethnic groups view educarion. In conclusion there are many in school processes that can influence the achievement of children such as gender and how girls and boys are perceived and what teachers expect of them. Another would be Class and how working and middle class students achieve differently due to aspects of school life like the hidden curriculum. Also ethnicity and the expectations and ideas about certain groups like the British Chinese. There are also a lot of out of school factors such as home background, material deprivation and parents’ expectations. Overall I believe that the both in school factors and out of school factors contribute to the differences in educational achievement of different social groups.

Analysing on Liberty by John Stuart Mill Essay Example for Free

Analysing on Liberty by John Stuart Mill Essay Humanity’s attempts to study the state of society have stretched back throughout the ages. From forefathers such as Socrates or Aristophanes to the great enlightenment philosophers of Locke or Voltaire, all have grappled with the questions of how humanity best functions as a collective. John Stuart Mill, hailed as a paradigmatic liberal political philosopher, continues this tradition of thought in his work On Liberty published in 1859. Mill’s major argument made is that the individual is sovereign in their actions insofar as they do not impeach upon the rights of others. His justifications centre strongly on the principles of utilitarianism, providing a model he believes to offer the greatest happiness to the greatest number. Through specific analysis it can be seen that he optimizes societal benefit by placing import on individuality but conversely justifying exactly when governance and restraint need to be exercised. Overall, his conclusions are an attempt to unify two competing social factors, individual liberty against circumstances in which power can be exerted over another, articulated in what has become known as the ‘harm principle’. The first and most fundamental principle Mill holds is outlined in the introductory chapter and describes the necessity for man to be free over â€Å"Over himself, over his own body and mind† (Mill, 1859: 31). Individual liberty is not only considered personally fulfilling, but also beneficial to the progress of civilisation for â€Å"Mankind are greater gainers by suffering each other to live as seems good to themselves, than by compelling each to live as seems good to the rest† (Mill, 1859: 33). It is important to note that Mill does not endorse freedom of expression for its own sake but for the greater purpose of stimulating discourse â€Å"His argument for liberty of expression is in fact an argument for liberty of discussion† (Larvor, 2006: 3) To support his claims, he highlights three primary freedoms in order of importance. Firstly, the freedom of thought itself should be unrestricted; second we should have the freedom to pursue ‘tastes †¦ to suit our own character’ (Mill, 1859: 33) regardless of whether social convention deems  otherwise; lastly, the freedom for citizens to unite, providing such action will not harm others. This idea of the ‘harm principle’ is prominent in On Liberty for each of these freedoms are subject to the overarching rule that liberty is complete so long as it does not â€Å"without justifiable cause, do harm to others† (Mill 1859: 72). He also notes that it is obvious that freedom of thought and of the mind does not directly correlate to freedom of action, for â€Å"No one pretends that actions should be as free as opinions† (Mill 1859: 72). He bases this on the logic that if ones free actions impinge upon another’s happiness, then the affected party’s own freedom is violated, outweighing the benefits of the first individual’s liberty. His conclusion is therefore â€Å"that in things which do not primarily concern others, individuality should assert itself† (1859: 73). This reasoning is fundamentally based in utilitarianism, which Mill is a eminent proponent of, as the key deciding factor needs to be maximum pleasure for minimum harm. The harm principle is the primary restraining factor on an individual’s calculus of liberty however Mill is not so blindingly liberal that he does not acknowledge the importance of government in maintaining social stability. In fact, Mill’s definition of liberty itself is intimately linked with authoritative intervention for he takes liberty to be the absence of human interference with the individuals actions (Crocker, 1980: 1). Again, utility becom es the object of question in deciding how pervasive governing bodies ought be. Mill contends, â€Å"the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection†¦ His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant†. It is here where Mill refers to the idea of ‘tyranny of the majority’, that pressure from the masses can be as pervasive as an oppressive state for there is more intangible a difficulty in arguing against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling. (Mill, 1859: 7) Yet here it is apparent that Mill defends the use of public pressure to control offensive opinion. Where then is the line drawn regarding what is unique, individual and valuable thought, and what is deemed inappropriate? While Mill’s consistent self-criticism often enriches his argument, there are contradictory moments wherein his â€Å"expressions are not only ambiguous, but contradictory† (Parker, 1865: 5). The idea of utility is once again at play, however Mill’s contradictions destabilise his  main point being that the use of outside force can be used defensively against another’s individuality if it would cause another’s liberty harm. As well as discussing and arguing Mill offers a number of disclaimers in his argument including the inapplicability of children or those who require the care of others and also â€Å"backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage† (Mill, 1859: 14). He also notes that a person â€Å"A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction† such as failing to help save a person when they are directly able to but choose against it. This idea has been argued against extensively in modern debate, particularly on a legal level. Many states, Australia amongst them, require no duty or obligation to act in such a way, the rationale [being] the protection of the autonomy (Edelman, 2011: 2). Liberty is irrevocably violated if one has no choice in a matter, even if that matter may be for social good. In an attempt to promote utilitarianism and provide an argument that supports social wellbeing, Mill has contradicted his own seemingly inviolate idea of individual sovereignty. Another hole in his discourse is that There seems then no obstacle in principle within utilitarian morality to a policy which indeed prevents harm but at the expense of the most basic interests of a minority (Gray, 2003: 7). Once more the tyranny of the majority is at question and Mill’s regard for individuality is destabilized by the conflicting interest of utilitarianism. It is apparent that Mill’s account is not watertight and this is acknowledged with the criticism On Liberty has received. In essence Mill concerns himself with the struggle between authority and liberty, (Mill, 1859: 3) as the essential factors to be balanced in order to maintain stable society. On an individual level, liberty is restrained by the harm principle and on a social plane; governance and public pressure control it. Beyond these factors, individuality is considered a sacred thing, which should be embraced for the good of progress. His entire theory is grounded solidly in utilitarian ideals, whereby social progression and greatest satisfaction is the primary goal. While a number of contentious arise throughout Mills’ discussions, overall the arguments are logical and coherent. On Liberty will continue to be an iconic if not contentious piece in political literature, as will most social theory which has been and will come in the future. Reference List Edelman, James. 2011. ‘Change of position: A defence of unjust disenrichment’ (presented at the launch of the Restatement (Third) Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, Boston University Law School 16-17 September 2011) Gray, John and Smith, G.W., eds. 2002. ‘JS Mill’s On Liberty In Focus’. London: Routeledge Gray, John. 1983. ‘Mill: On Liberty. A Defence’ Gray, John. 1979. ‘John Stuart Mill: Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations’. Literature of Liberty 2(2): 7-37 Hayek, F.A. 2011. ‘The Constitution of Liberty’. New York: The University of Chicago Press. Larvor, Brendan. 2006. Mill on Liberty of Thought and Discussion in John Stuart Mill: On Liberty Discussions (British Humanist Association). Mill, John Stuart. (1859). On Liberty. London: Cambridge University Press.

Pressure of Teenagers Going to College

Pressure of Teenagers Going to College While adolescents are attempting to focus on graduating secondary school, they are being forced into focusing on school too. A developing heap of school applications, handouts and homework expend the space on a youthful teenagers work area, he or she is guaranteed that school is the most ideal approach to keep up an existence and have a decent profession. As this may be true, but what about the teens personal life or the financially situation they or the family may be facing. Most secondary school understudies have that vitality say something regarding them amid late night thinks about. Verifiably the endeavor to keep up fabulous evaluations and pass secondary school to make it in school puts a great deal of weight on any single individual. The more one ponders this subject, the more insane the procedure of school applications gets to be, which makes one wonder of if American culture is putting excessively to much weight on students to even attend college. The answer to this question , of course, is yes. Americas desires to contend in a worldwide economy is setting superfluous weight on secondary school children, and this is taking an impossible enthusiastic toll on the youthful. Because of such demand for high school graduates to attend college, they do the best to strive to make the grades and give there all to go to the best college usually find themselves in a huge pile of debit by the time the graduate college. Most understudies who can scarcely hold up or dont get a full ride offer, need to take out credits to manage the cost of a semester. Costs for classes and course books are at an untouched high, and with the ultimate objective for understudies to deal with the cost of a living while going to class full time is by having a fulltime work too. This tip top passes on more worry to the lively adolescent who was told life would be better subsequently. It is basic to see how this impacts a young person on all levels of their juvenile life. A youth can wind up being genuinely, soundly and physically insecure as they may feel less on themselves. Thus it can demolish the connections they have with family as well as the social connections they attempt to keep up, which can figure musings of suicide or real damage as the juvenile probably cant accept the obligation at the same time. It may not be that gigantic in the U.S, yet rather in various countries around the world it is in every way an ordinary thing to do, like Japan. Regardless of a juvenile preparing to join school, there are many blended emotions they may understanding. School classes accompany a more work and request than secondary school. It makes you wonder if youre ever fully prepared for college. There is that energy of knowing you will be far from home, making new companions, and joining school societies and sororities, in spite of the fact that a normal young person will as often as possible fight with fixation issues in the respects of having the capacity to stay aware of their reviews and social life in school. For a few young people, basically being set up for advancement may be a test. As coming up short with respect to time organization and begin they will get the opportunity to be particularly delicate and feel the heaviness of falling behind. Hence the fear of finally crashing and burning can startle the hellfire out of any understudy. The noteworthy fear of failing begins from being ones own specific extreme analyst. Consistently the beginning start of any mentoring will be outrageous at to begin with, and when you feel you endeavor your best and still come up short, you then begin to denounce yourself. From this time forward an understudy begins to that if they crash and burn not solely are they letting themselves down, feels that they may have perplexing everyone around them. Deplorably the weight that most gatekeepers and educators put on understudies causes the come up short with respect to themselves. As a result to this, an understudy will create loss of enthusiasm for specific matters of life, will create dietary problems, and lack of sleep. So then begin to stress a great deal, withdrawal themselves from family and companions, separate from individual connections and wind up creating tension, which thus can make them decline to backpedal to class. Brought about by placated push an understudy will start to feel a need in self-regard. They begin to feel the hugeness of making new accomplices or endeav oring to move past cooperations they double-crossed for school. They observe the workload to overpower and sense of self shattering. With these new difficulties comes low self-regard. When one has been less effective in the past might begin to feel that are not school material. (CB Staff 1) With so much pulling on them, they become particularly susceptible to social pressure. Adolescents make a legit imagine to space in a chose social condition which may push fundamentally inside the occasion that they dont opening in. They should be famous and have paying little heed to range mates and supporters as may well be typical underneath the conditions. Occasionally theyll discover yourself in hazardous instances wherever they need to decide on extreme selection. College can be a breeding ground for psychiatric problems. Poor eating habits, irregular sleeping patterns and experimentation with drugs and alcoholespecially combined with the academic stress of college lifemay all play roles in triggering mental problems. Such selection is distressing. Guardians, educators and even school guides feel that every youthful should instantly go to class straightforwardly after auxiliary school. The likelihood of our present people was always seen as a place of graduation movement, which is no longer an open entryway or advantage, yet in a perfect world a need. We are once in a while raised and pre-demonstrated that we ought to accept an exceptional prerequisites for a propelled educational activity with the ultimate objective for us to manage a more invaluable money related condition additionally not far off. Times of Americans have used school as an agreement to a predominant inconceivability, not infrequently in doubt of money under the table, yet by a comparable token in stipulation of a higher pickle of life. That could display work guarantee, ideally social portability, or the benefit to manage the cost of vital things welcome a house. Getting a specialist guideline gives you that vital tranquility that you can have adaptability in side your occupation, or when the economy transforms you can progress and change with it. While making money, which thusly can help you keep up a home and family life when youre prepared. One essential indicate this question is more noteworthy open door. As abutting stop of the stallion and Surrey day, an unreasonably high value school day alumna today are weakened to make the zone of lucrative jobs that were a significant long time prior open. The U.S. has been changed from an assembling situated in embellishment to an exposed state in view of way of life, and the force of a position of graduation headway today slice back be contrasted with that of an important school training forty a very long time prior. It constitute the net get right of entry to supplier to upward thrust above selections and greater noteworthy open door. The oppositions point may be valid as it is the standpoint of our economy and the difficulty of good job positions increasing. Completion for a higher job is a huge growth in nowadays society. Regardless, there is developing uneasiness in America about advanced education. A degree has dependably been regarded as the way to a great employment. Nonetheless, growing prices and extending understudy commitment, joined with contracting cash associated and educational returns, are undermining at any rate the perception that school is a not too horrific speculation. (Chicago 1) Snice 2008 the economy has been fluctuating at an all-time low. Jobs are tougher to get, and are also limiting how many employees they need to hire, which means less jobs. They look more at your accolades than experiences and most require a type of degree such as a bachelors or PHD. The reality here is that adolescents are in their most defenseless stage in life when they complete secondary school and need to settle on an existence adjusting choice. Choosing whether they ought to proceed with their instruction or begin searching for a vocation is a to a great degree troubl esome and upsetting choice all alone. On top of it, the overall population, their people and teachers persistently push them to enhance, compelling them to enroll in school and achieve simply high results. This, solidified with the fear of the dark make understudies focused and decimates their dauntlessness. Teenagers are an energetic social occasion of people who stay before the most basic decision in their lives. Regardless of the way that guardians need the best for their youngsters, interfering in such choices can just damage the adolescents. Things being what they may be, younger human beings are really pressured to attend a university. A growing number of colleges nationwide are scrambling to fill classes, a trend analysts say is driven by a decline in the number of students graduating from high school and widespread concern among families about the price of higher education. The admissions upheaval at schools ranging from lower-tier colleges to esteemed regional ones, includi ng St. Marys College of Maryland, contrasts with the extraordinary demand for the most elite colleges and universities.Nationwide, college enrollment fell about 2 percent this past school year [2012-2013].The decline in prospective students and the enormous costs associated with running a college create a challenge for schools that rely on tuition to pay the bills. (Washington Post) Too much pressure on students to go to college even though Americas expectations to compete in a global economy is placing unnecessary pressure on high school kids. While young people are endeavoring to concentrate on graduating optional school, they are being constrained into concentrating on school as well. A creating load of school applications, presents and homework consume the space on an energetic youngsters work zone, he or she is ensured that school is the best way to deal with keep up a presence and have a fair calling. As this might be valid, yet shouldnt something be said about the youngsters close to home life or the monetarily circumstance they or the family might confront. Most secondary school understudies have that essentialness say something regarding them amid late night thinks about. Undeniably the attempt to keep up spectacular assessments and pass auxiliary school to make it in school puts a lot of weight on any single person. The more one considers this subject, the more insane the procedure of school applications gets to be, which makes one ponder of climate American culture is putting unnecessarily to much weight on understudies to try and go to school. Works Cited CB Staff Self-Esteem and the College Student College Bound Networkhttp://www.collegebound.net/content/article/self-esteem-and-the-college-student/19583/ Kelly, Kate. Lost on the Campus. Time, Jan, 2001, pp. 51-53, SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks-sirs-com.db16.linccweb.org. Chicago Not what it used to be The Economist http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21567373-american-universities-represent-declining-value-money-their-students-not-what-it Anderson, Nick. Freshmen Seats Going Unfilled at More Colleges. Washington Post, 23 Nov, 2013, pp. A.1, SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks-sirs-com.db16.linccweb.org.

House On Mango :: essays research papers

Esperanza Cordero is a very troubled patient of mine. Her family lives at poverty level, because the father is a gardener and her mother is a housewife, and has moved around many times in these early years of Esperanza’s life. Esperanza is very ashamed of things, depressed, but yet she is a very intelligent and caring young girl. She has gone through many terrifying and disturbing experiences in her life. She has been raped, her aunt died, her father getting devastated over her grandfather’s death, and she has not yet formed any friendships with other kids. Her house is in the slums of the town. The Cordero family consists of Rita (mom), Paco (father), Esperanza, Carlos, Kiki, and Nenny. The combined household income is at the poverty level with no hopes of that changing in the near future. They have moved from Paulina, to Keeler, to Loomis, and to Mango Street in the first six years of Esperanza’s life (3). The homes she has lived in were all run down apartments with very little amenities. Now her family lives in a run down house on Mango Street, but most likely the best place they have ever lived. Esperanza had to get a job in order to go to a private Catholic high school. Catholics do not attend public high schools. Also Esperanza’s father said, â€Å"Nobody went to public school unless you wanted to turn out bad.† (53). Esperanza’s job was at a photo shop that her Aunt had once worked at. At the photo shop she matched the negatives with the photos. She also has not been able to keep friends because of her constant moving around. Esperanza is very ashamed about many things such as her name, which means â€Å"too many letters† in Spanish and â€Å"hope† in English. People make fun of her name, and she thinks it sounds like something from a Mexican song that her father plays while he shaves (10). She is ashamed about her house because it is so run down and has a poor appearance, but it looks like all the other houses in the vicinity. People who come to her neighborhood want to leave because it frightens them by being so run down and dirty (28). The final thing she is ashamed of is not having money to pay for school and her having to get a job to go to high school.

Political Transitions in America Essay -- American History, Politics a

As life began in the new world many people that have traveled wanted to live in a new atmosphere. People sought out wealth, fortune, freedom and wanted to express their ideas and beliefs as they could have not in their own countries. The new world gave these settlers an opportunity to start their new lives and way of life. One aspect of their new lives was how they wanted to be ruled and their political ideas. Political transitions have occurred throughout the beginning of the settlement of the new world from the British colonies to the first president with a central government then the secession of the south and Civil War until Richard Nixon and the Watergate Scandal. The English colonies were the starting basis of the new world. Jamestown, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania all had their own ways of governing their people. Jamestown’s first political structure was the House of Burgesses which was the first government and was limited by the governor and Joint Company to decide. Also all free men could vote, but later on this was limited to white land owners. Many of their political problems were mainly expansion because farmers wanted more land and problems with the Native Americans. One notable issue was Bacon’s Rebellion which was a revolt against the royal governor of Jamestown who refused to fight back against the attacking Native Americans. About 300-600 people marched into Jamestown and burned down the city and Bacon also died, furthermore this was one of the beginning issues of western expansion. Another starting settlement was Massachusetts whose government was highly tied to the church. The members of the church congregation ha d full legal rights to making laws in the land. They were Calvinists who believed that God had... ...in D. Roosevelt has been elected as President. During this presidency Roosevelt introduced two major New Deal programs that were aimed at the industrial and agricultural recovery from the great depression. The first was the National Recovery Administration where labor leaders were equally determined and workers had a maximum work hours and minimum wage was created. Then the focus on the new deal changed from recovery to reform. (Divine, #646- Throughout American History the Political transitions that have occurred helped create a strong hope in the people today. The colonies that began in the new world have prospered into this great nation going through many conflicts and problems, from the war for independence to secession and the civil war to the great depression and recovery. These political transitions helped make America be what it is today; A great nation.

Wal-Mart SWOT Analysis :: essays research papers

Rochester Area Habitat for Humanity The community project selected by our cohort was the Area Habitat for Humanity (AHH). Out of several options, this project was picked on the basis of task verity, task arrangement, and task schedule. A contingency project was also selected at that time. Mission of RAHH is to create and provide affordable homes for low income families. RAHH selects eight to ten families out of hundreds that apply on the basis of income level, credit worthiness, and family size each year. Each adult member of the selected families requires to spend 250 hours in home construction and 35 hours in classroom training on home maintenance. A typical house that RAHH builds is comprised of four bed rooms, two bathrooms, a kitchen, a dinning room, a living room, and a garage. The average cost of building each house is about $60000. A finished house can get appraised up to $150000. The house we were selected for our project is located in the North-East. We started the project at about 9:00am on Saturday. Trent Frugal, a member of the RAHH, provided us with a short orientation. In this orientation, we learnt about the RAHH value and the proper process, procedure, and needed precautionary measurement in doing our task. Our task for the day was to put sheetrock on the wall and on the ceiling. Two of eight cohort members had some previous experience in sheetrocking. We divided ourselves into two groups by having one of the experience sheetrockers in each group. The whole effort was based on collaboration and was driven by consensus. Members of the group that I worked with were good hearted, friendly, cooperative. Each of us acted as a true team player by providing opinions, suggestions, and sharing knowledge with in the group. Our task was to scale, cut, and fasten the sheetrock in the wall and the ceiling. A volunteer who was not part of our cohort, an expert builder, was with us to provide some guidance as needed. This provided guidance helped us identify the right materials and the process to complete the task. In doing the sheetrocking task, I quickly learnt the importance of having a cohesive and harmonious team. The whole opportunity was a great learning experience for me.

Dispostional Personality Theories Essay

The two most common dispositional theories are Allport’s psychology of the individual theory and the trait and factor theory. Allport’s psychology of the individual theory emphasized that people are unique, even though they may share traits in common, and those unique qualities are what should be focused on. â€Å"More than any other personality theorist, Gordon Allport emphasized the uniqueness of the individual. He believed that attempts to describe people in terms of general traits rob them of their unique individuality†. In order to focus on the individuals uniqueness Allport felt that a broad theory is more useful than a narrow one and he would use information from different theorist in his research. For many years there has been much debate about how many traits actually have an effect on an individual’s personality. In recent years the majority of theorist have come to the conclusion that five is the magic number. Esyneck, McCrae, and Costa have focused their studies on the trait and facto theory and have done much research using standardized tests, clinical observations, and observations from friends and families of the individuals studied. â€Å"Trait and factor theories of personality are based on factor analysis, a procedure that assumes that human traits can be measured by correlational studies†. Each of these theories have different approaches to explaining an individual’s behavior. Both Allport’s psychology of the individual theory and the trait and factor theory have its own effect on individual personalities. Interpersonal relationships are influenced by each of these theories in its own way as well.

Inequalities in health Essay

Introduction. Mildred Baxter conducted a survey in 1990 on Health and Lifestyles, and asked 10,000 people how they defined health, her results were defined by Three answers: – Positive Definitions- where health is defined as feeling fit and able to undertake any reasonable task. Negative Definitions- where health is defined in terms of being free from pain and discomfort. Functional Definitions- where people define health in terms of being able to perform a range of tasks. Whereas Medical Definitions state that: – Illness is always based on an identifiable (physical/mental) cause. Illnesses and their causes can be identified, classified and measured. The cure lies in the physical body of a person, not their social relationships or their spiritual life. There is reliance upon drugs and surgery. During this essay I will be looking at the inequalities, (inequalities means that something is not equal to something else), in Health, with regards to class, ethnics, gender and age. There are several possible explanations for inequalities in health, these include: – Social and material reasons, (whereby because of poverty in society, it leads to ill health, because of poor housing, nutrition, etc), Cultural, religion reasons, (because of the difference in diet, and certain beliefs and habits that effect health), The effect an individual has on his or her own health, (by choosing what they eat, drink and whether they smoke or not). Social class We could argue that the standard of healthcare in different social classes are because of geographical reasons, and the level of funding that the government gives to poorer, lower class areas compared to the level that is given to richer, middle/higher class areas. This can be seen in the Black Report (1980) and The Health Divide (1987). These reports clearly show such strong evidence of social class inequalities in health that the government tried to suppress the findings. The Acheson report (1998) then went on to confirm the evidence of social class inequalities and recommend more help for poorer social classes by a means of improving their health. We can also clearly see from research that lower, poorer classes have a higher mortality rate, (including infant), than the higher classes, these are mainly seen in Respiratory Disease, Injuries and poisoning and Cerebro-vascular Disease, this is because lower classes tend to work mainly in manual work, (factories with dangerous machinery, working in bad weather conditions, etc). Tudor-Hart (1971), first suggested in the Inverse Care Law, that higher class that need it least gets more resources and lower classes that needs it most gets the least resources, So social class inequalities are made worse by inequalities in the NHS, this is because poorer areas don’t have as many GP practices, they have to depend on public transport, and are more likely to loose pay for taking time off. Whereas it is thought that the middle/higher classes have the resources to find out what healthcare they are entitled to, and are more likely to fight against poor health services, and are able to jump NHS waiting lists by paying privately. We can argue that material explanations suggest that those who suffer poor health do not have a healthy balanced diet, inadequate housing conditions, lack of education and joblessness, all stem from poverty, which shows the link between material deprivation and ill-health. Criticisms;- We can argue that poverty and class status in society is not just the reasons for poor health; it also comes down to the individual choices and cultural choices that are made by people in their life. We are not told we have to smoke or drink or take drugs, we do it because we want to, which we can argue is one of the reasons Respiratory Diseases and Heart disease are on the increase. We can also argue that another reason why these diseases and other health problems, such as obesity, which is high in lower classes, are on the increase is because of the cheap unhealthy food that is being eaten, and lack of exercise, is also an individual choice. Ethnic Inequalities We can argue that Ethnic groups experience poor levels of health as a result of inequalities in the health service. A comprehensive survey (The Health of Britain’s Ethnic minorities), was conducted in 1997 by James Nazroo, his findings challenged the view that biology and culture were the main factors that explained the health of ethnic groups in the UK, but instead focused on the importance of socio-economic factors. The findings found that: – people from black and Indian minorities are more likely to suffer from TB, Diabetes and Heart Disease, people from ethnic minorities are more likely to be hospitalised for mental illnesses, and most ethnic minorities show higher rates of still births, prenatal deaths and infant deaths as well as higher mortality rate. We can see from research conducted by the Health Authority that up to 50% of ethnic minorities described themselves as having poor health. We could argue that the reasons for this is because of poverty and material deprivation, while racism and discrimination also play an important factor, Minority groups have the lowest income, the worst housing, and the highest unemployment rates in the UK. We can also argue that other cultural reasons such as language barriers, religious reasons and the lack of knowledge of the dietary needs for ethnic minorities, from health professionals may lead to ethnic minorities not seeking medical advice and thus having poorer health. Criticisms: – We can argue that not all ethnic minorities share the same level of inequalities, Black African, Caribbean; ethnic groups are more accepted in society than Asians, Chinese groups make more money than Bangladeshi groups. We can also argue that it is also down to social class, a middle class ethnic minority doctor is more likely to be accepted than an unemployed lower class ethnic minority. We can also argue that it also individual choices that lead to inequalities, e. g.social exclusion, a lot of minority do not integrate in the community, instead they stay in groups of their own race. Ethnic minorities also believe that a strong sense of cultural identity protects against the effects of poverty. Gender Inequalities Through research we have found than women on the whole are healthier than men and that women’s mortality rates are lower than that of men. According to Hilary Graham (2002), men have fewer consultations with GP’s and have lower levels of illness. We could argue that this is because in society from the time we are born we are taught a â€Å"normal† role in society, firstly by our parents and then by schools, media etc, and boys and girls from a young age are given toys, (dolls, cleaning toys etc for girl, tools, cars etc for boys), which gives them a stereotypical role that is expected of them, because of this it is much excepted in society that women can go to the doctors more because they are a weaker sex, where a man is expected to be masculine and except illness. We could also argue that men mostly work in manual jobs, and that is why they have a higher mortality rate, whereas women take on a more domestic role, looking after the home and children, although we could argue that this is a large reason why women visit the doctors more often than men, according to Ellen Annandale (1998) women who work have better levels of health than those who do not, because of the sense of independence and a wider social network, thus lowering the number of women with depression. It has also been found that women are more like to be living in poverty than men, because for example most single parents are women on a low income. Criticisms: – We could argue that gender inequalities are lowering due to more women now having equal educational opportunities and having equal roles in a work place, it is now not so frowned upon that a man stays home with the children and women go to work. More women have become more career minded and education have become more â€Å"women† friendly. We can also argue that domestic labour has become easier for women in the home with the development of technology e.g. dishwashers, washing machines etc. There is also evidence to suggest women are biologically stronger than men, more male babies die than female, and they have a higher biological possibility of living longer. Age Inequalities We can argue that elderly peoples’ opinions of health differ greatly from those of younger people; elderly people accept a range of physical pain and limitations, whereas younger people would define them as symptoms of illness. We re-evaluate what illness is as we get older and accept greater levels of discomfort as â€Å"one of those things†, that comes with age. Mildred Baxter in her survey of Health found that young people define health in terms of physical fitness, whereas older people defined it in terms of being able to cope with everyday tasks. We can also argue that the poverty elderly people face also contribute towards ill health, because they cannot afford adequate heating, balanced diet etc, because the live on a low income, or may not know the benefits they are entitled to. Research has also found that elderly people do not visit the doctor because they see themselves as â€Å"wasting time†. Criticisms: – We can argue that inequalities can again occur because of individual choices, it could be argued that a poor diet is not just because of low income but they may live alone and cannot be bothered to cook for themselves. We also see that social class plays a part, because wealthy elderly people do not face the same inequalities in health as lower class elderly people. We can also see that the government have taken steps to improve the health of elderly people by introducing the flu vaccine and by giving heating grants etc. Conclusion. To conclude I think that there are no strong arguments to say that there is one specific social or materialist explanation for inequalities in health. I think that there are a number of factors that contribute towards inequalities, from geographical, social, financial, cultural, economical, religious reasons, to biological reasons. I also think that the choices we make as individuals’ plays a major factor towards the inequalities that we encounter in heath, and by changing certain things in our life that we have control over there would be fewer inequalities.

Deena Shakir Essay

Richard Watts Jr. describes the striking similarity between the Salem witch trials and the McCarthy Era as a â€Å"struggle between the rights of freeman and the mass efforts to destroy them under the guise of defending decency. † All good writing conveys a strong message for the reader to take away, and effectively apply to his everyday life. In the novel The Crucible, author Arthur Miller uses 17th Puritan society, and the Salem witch trials as a vehicle to make a strong political statement about the nature of conformity in an overly hysterical society, and the fundamental struggle man faces to retain moral righteousness in the face of a cruel world. Written in the heart of the McCarthy Era, The Crucible makes sweeping statements about the nature of society during a crisis, and how people deal with the introduction of beliefs that differ from their traditional way of thought. Claiming the people of his society are just as intolerant as the Puritans, Miller desperately pleads with them to learn from their mistakes, and not persecute others based on the nature of their beliefs. Through the story of the Salem witch trials, Miller epitomizes the never-ending conflict between an individual and society as a continuous struggle to retain one’s moral righteous, and not give in to illogical societal demands. Through the actions of the court officials, the girls, and the Christ figures, Miller effectively points out the manner in which society persecutes those who refuse to conform in their ways of thinking, and the nature of the challenging test individuals are forced to make in such a conflict. The society in Salem also demands conformity from the court system, a place where those who dare to be different are tried. At least on face, it appears that the court simply wants those people who challenge society to be brought to justice. However, during the Salem witch trials, the court officials, who ironically are the one group in society who are single-handedly responsible for administering justice fairly, act simply out of self-interest, striving only to appease the community, and gain fame. Relaying on nothing more than spectral evidence, Danforth and the other court officials condemn those who refuse to conform to society’s beliefs. Under the guise of religious duty, Danforth strives solely to appease the community, and benefit his standing in society. He believes that â€Å"a person is either with the court or he must be counted against it. † When one does not conform to the norms of society and challenges it, he is condemned to die. For example, upon discovering that John Proctor does â€Å"not come to church† on Sundays, he automatically assumes that Proctor must be guilty, and must be hanged. He appears motivated solely by the desire to gain fame. For example, in the final act of the play right before the hanging, Reverend Hale tries to convince Danforth to postpone the hanging. Danforth knows that â€Å"the village expects to see them die this morning† and cannot postpone the event because â€Å"postponement now speaks a floundering on my [Danforth’s] part. † Danforth’s actions show that he not only acts out of self motivation and the desire to appease society, but also fails the to overcame his conflict with society. Reverend John Hale, on the other hand, also appointed to work with the court during the witch trials, makes his decisions based on his own morals instead of what society prefers. Hale, an expert on witch trials and a â€Å"stranger† in Salem finds â€Å"it difficult to draw a clear opinion on them that come accused before court. † Being a minister of the Lord, Hale judges others based on clear evidence and does not â€Å"dare [to] take a life without proof. † His morals prevent him from just simply doing what will appeal to society. Even though he desires to be â€Å"allied with the best minds in Europe- kings, philosophers, scientists, and ecclesiasts of all churches,† he, unlike Danforth and the court officials, refuses to let his personal ambition come in the way of administering justice fairly. He even rejects his religious doctrine in the name of justice, claiming that â€Å"life†¦ life is God’s most precious gift; no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it. † Unlike Danforth and his selfish motivation, Reverend Hale refuses to conform to what society dictates, clinging on to his own moral beliefs.